This study proposes the first comprehensive numerical model of diving cycles, including feeding
for Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae, Borowski, 1781). It combines mechanics,
physiology and behaviour based on physical and biological interactions, and linked to the oxygen
metabolism described by three compartments: (i) lungs, (ii) blood and (iii) muscle tissue.
The model represents the 3-dimensional movement of the individual whale in the water column.
Oxygen metabolism is used as a proxy of the energy consumption during different dives, testing
oxygen limits, their effect on lunges and prey engulfment, and the effects of buoyancy changes.
In contrast with other studies, the complete surface-to-surface dive cycle is decomposed into
five behavioural sequences. Using this classification, simulated dives conform with some general
characteristics of observed dives. Ranges of speed, breathing rate, diving time and surface times
were found to be in concordance with literature. However, the model tends to underestimate
dive capacity and some failed dives were simulated. In addition, it suggests that a change in
buoyancy alone is not efficient for saving energy, because the overall energy cost is higher than
without. It constitutes a tool that can guide further hypothesis testing and be used to explore
free range animal behaviour with biologging.
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