Due to rising water pollution, there is more interest in finding eco-friendly remediation methods, such as phytoremediation. Acetaminophen, in particular, is a major concern in the Guardian estuary on the Algarve coast. Therefore, this study investigates L. crithmoides’ ability to absorb acetaminophen and its physiological responses to different concentrations of the contaminant over time. L. crithmoides was cultivated in vitro and exposed to acetaminophen at concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 2 mg/L. Results indicate that L. crithmoides can take up acetaminophen, with the roots and aerial parts displaying different responses. The roots maintained higher levels of protective compounds, such as proline and tannins, while the aerial parts exhibited dynamic adjustments in phenolic and flavonoid content. The plant's overall resilience is highlighted by its ability to sustain photosynthetic efficiency and enhance antioxidant synthesis in response to moderate oxidative stress levels. In conclusion, L. crithmoides has potential as phytoremediator, particularly in saline environments contaminated with pharmaceuticals. However, further research is required to optimise conditions for maximal uptake and to evaluate the long-term efficacy of this approach in situ scenarios.
Keywords: Limbarda crithmoides, in vitro, phytoremediation, secondary metabolites, primary metabolites, photosynthetic pigments, osmoprotectants
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